Chapter 1............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1

1.1 General ...........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Why Resource Recovery from Solid Waste......................................................................1
1.2.1 Environmental Opportunities .........................................................................................1
1.2.2 Economic Opportunities and Options............................................................................ 1
1.2.3 Social Opportunities..................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study....................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope of the Report........................................................................................................ 2

Chapter 2 RESOURCE RECOVERY PLANNING PROCESS ......................................3

2.1 Resource Recovery Planning Process............................................................................... 3
2.2 Method for Waste Generation Estimation and Physical Composition Analysis ....................4
2.3 Method for Examination of Existing System of Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery ...9
2.4 Identification of Possible Options for Resource Recovery ..................................................11
2.5 Selection of Resource Recovery Option ...........................................................................12

Chapter 3 AN OVERVIEW OF KHULNA CITY.............................................................13

3.1 Background.................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Economic Structure .........................................................................................................13
3.3 Landuse Structure ...........................................................................................................16
3.4 Chronology of Population Growth ...................................................................................18
3.5 Population Projections for Khulna City Corporation Area .................................................18

Chapter 4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF KHULNA CITY............................... 19

4.1 Organizational, Financial and Legal Aspects ......................................................................19
4.2 Quantity of Solid Waste ...................................................................................................19
4.3 Physical Composition of Solid Waste ................................................................................22
4.4 Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste ....................................................................23
4.5 Disposal of Solid Waste ...................................................................................................24
4.6 Hospital / Clinic Waste Management .................................................................................24


Chapter 5 EXISTING PATTERN OF SOLID WASTE RECYCLING IN KHULNA CITY..................................................................................................................................... 26

5.1 Methodology .....................................................................................................................26
5.2 Solid Waste Recycling System in Khulna ............................................................................26
5.3 Recycling Trade Chain .......................................................................................................28
5.3.1 Wastebin Tokais .............................................................................................................28
5.3.2 Feriwallas .......................................................................................................................29
5.3.3 Vangari Dokans ..............................................................................................................30
5.3.4 Wholesalers ....................................................................................................................33
5.3.5 Manufacturers .................................................................................................................35
5.4 Benefits from Recycling of Inorganic Waste .........................................................................39

Chapter 6 POTENTAIL OF RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM ORGANIC WASTE IN KHULNA CITY.................................................................................................................... 41

6.1 Why Composting ..............................................................................................................41
6.2 What is Composting and Compost ....................................................................................41
6.3 Preconditions for Composting ...........................................................................................42
6.4 Potentials of Composting in Khulna ...................................................................................42
6.5 Composting Strategy for Khulna .......................................................................................44
6.6 Land, Number of Plants and Manpower Required for Composting ....................................45
6.7 Financial Viability of Composting ..................................................................................... 46
6.7 Expected Benefit from Decentralized Composting .............................................................47
6.8 Institutional Arrangement for Composting ..........................................................................47

Chapter 7 DECENTRALIZED COMPOSTING PLANT SITING AND DESIGN....... 49

7.1 Siting Considerations .......................................................................................................49
7.2 Site Layout .....................................................................................................................49
7.3 Detail Design of a Three Ton Capacity Composting Plant .................................................51
7.3.1 Preprocessing / Sorting Area ........................................................................................51
7.3.2 Processing / Composting Area ......................................................................................51
7.3.3 Post Processing Area ...................................................................................................54
7.3.4 Site Facilities ................................................................................................................54
7.4 Decentralized Aerobic Composting System ......................................................................54
7.4.1 Collection of Solid Waste (Pre-Processing Stage) .........................................................54
7.4.2 Aerobic Composting Steps (Processing Stage)...............................................................54
7.5 Equipment Required for Labour Intensive Composting Plant .............................................60

Chapter 8 CONCLUSION AND ACTION PLAN ..............................................................61

8.1 Summary of Findings .......................................................................................................61
8.2 Action Plan .....................................................................................................................62
8.3 Pilot Scale Application(1st Year).......................................................................................62
8.3.1 Identification of Appropriate Sites .................................................................................62
8.3.2 Testing of Technical and Commercial Viability ...............................................................62
8.3.3 Preparation of Manual and Conduct Training Programs on composting ..........................64
8.3.4 Research and Development on Compostiong Process & Quality of Compost ................64
8.3.5 Research and Development on Application of Compost in Organic Farming and Shrimp/Fish Feed ....................................................................................................................................64
8.3.5 Research and development on Blending of Compost with Micro Nutrients ....................64
8.3.6 Research & Development on Blending of Compost ......................................................64
8.4 Testing of Institutional Model (2 nd Year) ........................................................................65
8.4.1 Research and development and Promotion of Compost in Organic Farming and as Shirmp/Fish Feed ...................................................................................................................................65
8.4.2 Research and Development and Promotion of Compost Marketing .............................65
8.5 City Scale Replication(3 rd Year) ..................................................................................65
8.5.1 City Level Replication of the Successful Composting Models in the Khulna city ...........65
8.5.2 Promotion of Commercial Outlet for Compost ............................................................65
8.5.3 Positive Support from the Local Government and Banks .............................................65
8.6 Cross-Cutting Phase .....................................................................................................66
8.6.1 Promotion of Source Separation of Solid Waste .........................................................66
8.6.2 Regular Meeting with Stakeholders .............................................................................67
8.6.3 Training on SWM and Composting .............................................................................67
8.6.4 Monitoring and Evaluatio ............................................................................................67
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................69
ANNEX .............................................................................................................................71

· Qualitative analysis of the generated solid waste;
· Estimation of the quantity of the generated solid waste;
· Characterization of solid waste in different categories and determination of their potential for reuse;
· Examination of the present practices of waste reuse and potential for further reuse; and
· Preparation of preliminary plan for resource recovery

Based on the data collected from Khulna City Corporation area, the present waste generation in Khulna is estimated at approximately 200 tons/day. The estimate per capita waste generation rate works out at 0.22 kg/cap/day.

Sample survey in residential, commercial and market areas indicates that compostable portion of waste varies between 75 to 92 percent of the generated waste in the aforesaid areas. Average compostable portion of the waste in Khulna City Corporation area is estimated at 78%, while the remaining 22% is non-compostable.

Informal sector is playing an important role in Khulna in recycling of solid waste, dealing only with in-organic waste. It is estimated that 6% of the total generated waste (i.e.200 tons/day) is recycled daily in Khulna City Corporation area. The study finds that between 4700-9400 people are working in the informal sector relating to waste recycling activity.

Recyclables collected by informal sector includes paper, glass, plastic, aluminium, iron, tin, bones and battery. Excepting bone, paper and aluminium, all other retrieved materials are transported to industries located in Dhaka, Jessore, Kushtia, and Barisal as raw materials for new products.

Although the informal sector extracts most of the readily recyclable materials from Khulna waste stream, still considerable value remains in what they leave behind. This value lies in compostable portion (78%) of the total waste that may be recycled through composting.

It has found that organic portion of Khulna's waste stream can be recycled through small scale decentralized composting plants in financially sustainable manner located in different parts of Khulna City Corporation area. Three implementation options have been identified for composting plant in Khulna which are:

• Composting unit as Integrated System in Municipal SWM System.
• Composting unit as Community Self Effort in Managing Waste; and
• Composting plant as a micro enterprise

At present there is no composting plant in Khulna City Corporation area. To create interest amongst the private sector, local communities and the Khulna City Corporation regarding composting, it is important to initiate a demonstration plant in Khulna to determine its viability, both technical and economic. However, it is expected that after field demonstration micro enterprises would feel encouraged to take up small scale composting schemes as commercial venture.